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1,3-Butadiene (BD) has been classified as a human carcinogen, group I; however, the relationship between polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases that metabolize BD and chromosomal damage is not clear. The present study used sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assays to detect chromosomal damage in peripheral lymphocytes of 44 BD-exposed workers and 39 non-exposed...
Lung cancer is primarily caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The most common PAH studied is benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). B[a]P is metabolically activated through multiple routes, one of which is catalyzed by aldo-keto reductase (AKR) to B[a]P-7,8-dione (BPQ). BPQ undergoes a futile redox cycle in the presence...
The recA mutants of Escherichia coli exhibit an abnormal DNA degradation that starts at sites of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), and is mediated by RecBCD exonuclease (ExoV). This “reckless” DNA degradation occurs spontaneously in exponentially growing recA cells, and is stimulated by DNA-damaging agents. We have previously found that the xonA and sbcD mutations, which inactivate exonuclease I (ExoI)...
The in vitro human reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay in EpiDerm™ is a promising new assay for evaluating genotoxicity of dermally applied chemicals. A global pre-validation project sponsored by the European Cosmetics Association (Cosmetics Europe - formerly known as COLIPA), and the European Center for Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), is underway. Results to date demonstrate international...
An in vitro dose–response curve following exposure to γ-radiation was determined at the IST/ITN, by use of the chromosomal aberration assay. This is the first study of this kind carried out among the Portuguese population. Un-irradiated and γ-irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 healthy donors were cultured. A total of 22,395 metaphases were analyzed for frequency and distribution of dicentrics...
ICRF-154 and bimolane have been used for the treatment of cancer, psoriasis, and uveitis in humans. Previous reports have revealed that the two drugs are topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors, and patients treated with these agents have developed unique types of secondary leukemia. A study published in 1984 by Camerman and colleagues proposed that the therapeutic effects of bimolane could be due to...
Previous studies have shown that iron deficiency anemia is associated with oxidative stress produced by a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and/or a high level of oxidants. Because oxidative stress induces DNA damage, we investigated genotoxicity in lymphocytes from patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) assays....
Chromium is a toxic and carcinogenic compound widely distributed in environment. In the present study we have investigated the interaction of chromium oxide with DNA employing UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as Circular dichroism, thermal denaturation, retardation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DNA-cellulose affinity techniques. The results showed that the binding of chromium...
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals, some of which are known as carcinogens. The cyto-genotoxic effects of cigarette-smoke extract (CSE) from commercial cigarettes without (A and B) and with filter (C and D) were evaluated at different CSE concentrations on A549 and BEAS-2B cells. The particle content of the cigarette smoke and the metal composition of the CSE were also analyzed. The...
In the present study the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay were used to evaluate the baseline frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of 50 healthy children from the general population in Croatia (age, 11.62±1.81 years). Mean values of tail length, tail intensity and tail moment, as comet assay parameters, were 12.92±0...
The goal of this study was to compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of plutonium-239 alpha particles and GSM 900 modulated mobile phone (model Sony Ericsson K550i) radiation in the Allium cepa test. Three groups of bulbs were exposed to mobile phone radiation during 0 (sham), 3 and 9h. A positive control group was treated during 20min with plutonium-239 alpha-radiation. Mitotic abnormalities,...
Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used chemical in the plastics industry that displays weak oestrogenic properties, is an emerging environmental pollutant, potentially harmful to living organisms. The presumed cytotoxicity of BPA to plant cells has been poorly studied. To understand how BPA might influence plant cell division and affect the underlying cytoskeleton, the effects of BPA on the microtubule...
The role of different DNA-repair genes (OGG1, XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3) on both the spontaneous and the induced frequency of micronuclei (MN) has been studied in the lymphocytes of a group of 114 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Induction of MN was achieved by treatment of the lymphocytes with 0.5Gy of gamma-radiation.The selected genes are involved in base-excision repair (BER) (OGG1,...
Ionizing radiation is known as a classical mutagen capable of inducing various kinds of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations. The percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations was analyzed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of occupationally exposed workers in radiotherapy, CT-scan, angiography and healthy controls. The incidence of all types of aberrations (gap, acentric fragment, dicentric...
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and forms DNA adduct leading to mutations. Cytochrome P450 1A1 plays a central role in this activation step, and this enzyme is strongly induced by chemical agents that bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is also known as a dioxin receptor. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent AhR ligand has...
Aluminium is a toxic metal whose genotoxicity has been scarcely studied in aquatic species and more generally in mammals. Recently, human and ecological disaster caused by the discharge of red mud in Hungary has revived questions about the toxicity of this metal particularly for the environment. On the contrary, cadmium is a highly toxic metal whose genotoxicity has been well characterized in various...
Estuarine and coastal habitats are known to be polluted by a range of chemical contaminants from both industrial and domestic sources. Blue mussels (Mytilus spp.), which inhabit these areas, are widely used as bio-indicators in eco-toxicological studies, because of their sedentary nature and their ability to bio-accumulate contaminants. The analysis of DNA damage in mussel haemocytes is a valuable...
The Ames II bacterial mutagenicity assay is a new version of the standard Ames test for screening chemicals for genotoxic activity. However, the use of plastic micro-titer plates has drawbacks in the case of testing hydrophobic mutagens, since sorptive and other losses make it difficult to control and define the exposure concentrations, and they reduce availability for bacterial uptake or to the S9...
We proposed to evaluate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of a new quantum dots (QDs) nanoplatform (QDsN), consisting of CdSe/ZnS core–shell QDs encapsulated by a natural fusogenic lipid (1,2-di-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)) and functionalized by a nucleolipid N-[5′-(2′,3′-di-oleoyl) uridine]-N′,N′,N′-trimethylammoniumtosylate (DOTAU). This QDs nanoplatform may represent a new therapeutic...
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